10" kartwheels are used by quite a few machines, with succes, foam filled or not.

Punctures do happen, but not a lot. Wheel falure is most of the time due broken hubs.

On filling a tire with PUR from a can and the failure of that. PUR doesn't expand evenly, and that deforms the tyre. Resulting in a very wobbly wheel, if it doesn't squeeze off the tyre from the hub. But even if you would use the exat amount of PUR and have the tyre in a mold to avoid deformation, you end up with a kind of brittle mess that will pulverise with each hit.

Using a stronger 2K PU foam give heavy results.

Foam filled kart wheels are know. Using a split hub and a upholstery-foam donut is one way to do it.

And currently, we're using a set of tyres like Sewer Snake uses on Bullfrog. We're very happy with the result.